After 4 weeks of twice-daily mandelic acid application, users saw a 25.4% increase in skin elasticity and 23.8% increase in skin firmness on the delicate lower eyelid area. These improvements were measured with objective tools (not just photos), and users also reported visible improvements in how their skin looked.

24 people (mostly women, ages 42-68) applied mandelic acid topically twice daily for 4 weeks. Researchers used a device called the Cutometer to measure actual changes in skin elasticity and firmness weekly, rather than relying on subjective photo assessments.

Funding not disclosed in abstract